Abstract In this research, a total of 47 samples from five types of fermented soybeans were selected. The physicochemical parameters, biogenic amines (BAs) and bioactive compounds such as isoflavones, total phenolic (TPC) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were investigated. The results showed that the contents of isoflavones ranged from 598.06 mg/kg to 2725.03 mg/kg in all samples and it varied from 598.96 mg/kg to 2241.67 mg/kg in Semen Sojae Preparatum (SSP) which was higher than other types of fermented soybeans. The maximum variation of GABA content was found in Aspergillus-type douchi (AD) samples. The maximum value of TPC in SSP was 4.53 g/kg. For BAs, the indicator of spoilage, 4.26% of fermented soybeans samples may lead to histamine poisoning and 42.55% of samples with total BAs contents exceeding 100 mg/kg may be harmful to human body. It indicated that different types of fermented soybeans had various bioactive compounds and BAs, so different fermented soybeans could be selected according to bioactive substances. This finding could provide comprehensive information of health beneficial compounds and BAs risks of fermented soybeans. It could guide consumers to select healthy, nutritious and safety fermented soybeans.

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of obesity was related with symptoms of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and the efficacy of behavioral intervention in the treatment of NE. Materials and Method The patients diagnosed with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) were studied retrospectively. NE severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe according to the frequency of enuresis. The children were divided into three groups, namely normal weight (5th-84th percentile), overweight (85th-94th percentile), and obesity (≥95th percentile), according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) percentage. The relationship between obesity level and enuresis severity was analyzed. After three months of behavioral therapy, the efficacy of treatment among normal, overweight, and obese groups were evaluated. Moreover, the predictive risk factors for treatment failure were investigated. Results The rates of severe enuresis in patients with normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 63.9%, 77.5%, and 78.6%, respectively. Obese children depicted higher odds of having severe enuresis compared with normal-weight children (OR: 1.571; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.196-2.065; P=0.001). The odds of presenting with severe enuresis were 1.99 times higher in children who are obese or overweight compared to children with normal weight (OR: 1.994; 95% CI: 1.349-2.946; P=0.001). The complete response of the normal group was higher than those of the overweight and obese groups (26.8% vs. 14.0%, P=0.010; 26.8% vs. 0.0%, P=0.000). Overweight children showed higher complete response than obese ones (14.0% vs. 0.0%, P=0.009). Logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity level and enuresis frequency were significantly related to the treatment failure of behavioral intervention. Conclusions Obesity is associated with severe enuresis and low efficacy of behavioral therapy in children with nocturnal enuresis.